Donald Trump's Executive Order on visas and refugees is an extraordinary document. According to some reports, the order was not reviewed by the Department for Homeland Security, the Justice Department, the State Department, or the Department of Defense before it was issued.

To some expert eyes, it does not even look like it was drafted or reviewed by 'competent counsel.'

The Order provoked astonishing scenes at JFK airport over the weekend, which filled to breaking point with protestors venting their anger at the ban on all entries to the US from people from Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Libya, Somalia and Yemen for 90 days, including valid visa-holders, legal residents and green-card holders. This includes individuals born in those countries - including Olympic legend Sir Mo Farah, Conservative MP Nadhim Zahawi (who also won't be able to visit his two sons at Princeton) and a former Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defence Force - because he was born in Iran.

The aim of the policy, said President Trump on Friday, was to keep out terrorists. “We don’t want them here", he said.

As many have pointed out, none of the 9/11 terrorists came from the seven countries banned. In fact, as Lindsey Hilsum noted, no nationals of countries named by Trump have killed Americans in terror attacks for forty years. Or, as Jemima Goldsmith observed, ten times as many Americans are killed by armed toddlers each year that by Islamic jihadist immigrants (from any country)

In 1492, Jews (and Muslims) were expelled from the Iberian peninsula during a time of rising intolerance and strident views of self-identity that demanded the exclusion of those who were different - had different faiths, customs and habits. The treatment was disgraceful, as the primary sources of the time attest.

It was also spectacularly stupid. Many fled to Ottoman Constantinople, where they were welcomed by the city’s new Muslim rulers. Only a fool would think the ruler of Spain was wise, Bāyezīd II purportedly exclaimed, greeting the arrival of Jews in the city in 1492.

Why would anyone reach this conclusion about someone who 'impoverishes his own country to enrich mine' ?

Brains, talent and skill surged to Constantinople, which flourished and blossomed in the 16th century. As did the Ottoman economy, its ambitions, its military, political and cultural achievements.

The impact on Spain was disguised by the discovery of sea routes across the Atlantic and by the astonishing riches brought back from Central and South America that was stacked up on quaysides in Seville 'like wheat.' The wealth of what was called the 'New World' was a one-off jackpot.

And like most lottery wins, it was squandered and frittered away. Spain became a serial defaulter in the 16th century, failing to meet its obligations no fewer than four times.

I wrote about all this in my book, The Silk Roads, where one of main themes is that decisions to put up walls, pick fights and choose exclusion over inclusion seldom have positive consequences.

Amidst the protests against Trump, one leader has made the running. Those banned by the US will be welcomed by Canada, says Justin Trudeau. That would have included the father of Steve Jobs, son of a Syrian father (and found of Apple). Or Sergei Brin of Google - who showed up at San Francisco airport to show his solidarity, pointing out that he was a refugee.

In a week where we were reminded that Anne Frank and her family were denied entry to the US, it might be worth learning from the lessons of history.

This isn't just nasty politics. Or even stupid politics. It is shooting oneself in the foot.

134,000,000 people banned from the United States, ran the headline on CNN last night.

If you have no friends, everyone is an enemy.

Theresa May might be happy to talk about friendship; but few others are. These are dangerous times for the US. And they are dangerous times for all of us - regardless of nationality, faith, colour, gender, sexuality or persuasion.

The Olympics and Paralympics are over. There were moments of profound joy, and of deep despair. But by and large, both events were a triumph. No terrorism, no zika outbreaks and a warm reminder that the family of nations can put their differences behind them and compete in the pool, on the pommel horse and round the track.
 
Russia is still sulking following the uproar about state sponsored widespread doping practices that led to a smaller team than Moscow had anticipated being sent to the Olympics, and the entire Paralympic team being banned altogether. Fairness in sport is fundamental. So too is preventing foul play.
 
That was why three boxers at the Olympics in 388 BC were punished when it emerged that they had been bribed by the winner, a certain Eupolos – who was also disgraced as a result. Huge statues were then erected to warn others of the consequences of cheating, with the authorities forcing Eupolos to pay for them himself.
 
Some got away with it – like the Roman Emperor Nero, who fiddled the competition in 67 AD to win the prize chariot competition, defeating all-comers who realised that standing in his way would not be in their best long-term interests (or their short-term ones either).

Fair play was as important in the ancient world as in the modern. That’s one reason why the discovery of a new inscription in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) it is so exciting – and in some ways so unsurprising.
 
A rock carving found in the summer of 2016 near Beyşehir near Konya in central Anatolia, features a depiction of a horse and a jockey – and outlines the rules of horse racing. The inscription sets out the guidelines to make racing fair and therefore enjoyable. No one wants to watch a race where the outcome has been rigged. One of the most interesting elements is the instruction that once a horse has won one race, it is ineligible to enter another. Likewise, an owner who had one winner, could not enter another race – to give others a chance to have fun too. Nice that more than one person should have something to celebrate.
 
This wasn’t about pushing mediocrity, but a way of making sure that the rich didn’t monopolise the entertainment, by buying the best horses, hiring the best trainers and paying the best jockeys. The Jockey Club of the time, at least at Beyşehir, saw it had a useful role in civic society.

We can tell because the inscription commemorates Lukuyanos. He was a jockey. And, according to the carving, ‘Our Hero’. The people’s favourite, his skill came not from always sitting atop the fastest horse (think: having a seat in the faster car in Formula One, where the skill of the driver counts for less), but for his natural ability. That was why his deeds were celebrated.
 
Must have been a good looking sort too: ‘he died before he was married.’ Lovely man, great skill, and a heartthrob too. The perfect sportsman.

'Severed pigs heads should be hung along Hungary's border to deter Muslim refugees and migrants from entering the country an MEP has suggested'.

The Daily Telegraph spluttered in horror. The idea, put forward in 'an ill-tempered exchange on twitter' by a Hungarian MEP 'sparked outrage and disbelief.'

Pigs and pork are impure in Islam (Qu'rān 6:145), to the extent that all contact is deemed to be both contaminating and abominating. So it is not surprising that the suggestion would be considered highly offensive.

Yet Gyorgy Schopflin, the MEP who came up with the idea is not the first to have thought of using pigs to deter and upset Muslims.

After repeated uprisings in the Spanish Philippines in the late 1800s, new tactics were needed to deal with Islamic fundamentalists - Juramentados - who swore oaths to die as martyrs while killing Christians. Those who achieved their aims were buried alongside dead pig in order to pollute their corpses.

It was a grisly practice that was adopted by some officers in the US Army at the start of the 20th century when the United States became embroiled in a war in the Philippines - and faced the same problem of how to stop and discourage those prepared to murder in the name of their faith.

One officer took to ordering crowds to gather to see the burial of dead fundamentalists and to see a pig's corpse being lowered into the pit alongside. It was a practice adopted by other officers too - because it was an effective deterrent

'These Juramentado attacks were materially reduced in number by a practice that the Mohamedans held in abhorrence', wrote General Pershing who was there at the time. 'It was not pleasant to have to take such measures, but the prospect of going to hell instead of heaven sometimes deterred the would-be assassins.'

And in fact, despite the furore about today's comments about pig's heads on Hungary's border, others have revelled in similar taunting only recently. According to Business Insider, patches bearing the image of a Crusader eating pork were hugely popular with US troops serving in Afghanistan just recently - with the text being written in Arabic for the benefit of any modern day juramentados (these days called 'jihadists) who got close enough to read.

It is worth studying history. It may not repeat itself, as Mark Twain purportedly said, but it sure does rhyme.

We live in difficult times. We are seeing our species at its absolute worst. Humans are capable of acts of breathtaking violence; of allowing the flames of intolerance and mistrusts to catch and spread; of enabling inequality and persecution to deepen and bring suffering.

When we are at our best is when we co-operate and share, when we innovate and create, when we show compassion and when we demonstrate respect for each other.

Nowhere is this shown better than during the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Yes, these are only Games. But they hold valuable truths for us all and teach important lessons about treating rivals with respect.

I have been overjoyed by the Rio Olympics. I know Brazil well and don't need any tips on the country's faults and failings (or its prodigies either). I know something about the IOC too, and don't need any pointers on the way it operates - perhaps best described as murky.

But I am shocked and devastated by the fact that the Paralympics are going to be curtailed by the human weakness and meanness, rather than a further celebration of generosity and kindness.

There is, apparently, not enough money to go round. Over-spending on the Olympics, poor ticket sales for the Paralympic events (where with only 12% of the tickets have been bought) and financial incompetence - including heavy bribery - mean some countries will not be able to send teams to compete, while many events are being scaled down, depriving athletes who have spent four years training, from competing.

Many have turned their fire on the IOC, on the authorities in Rio and Brazil, not without good reason. It is important in due course that corrupt officials are identified and punished; that the games are properly audited; that the money trails are looked into.

But something needs to be done quicker than that to keep the show on the road.

That's why I've started an online petition asking companies that are innovative, creative and pioneering to step up now. It would be a wonderful thing for companies that have shaped the early 21st century, like Facebook, Apple, Google and Uber and others besides to take the lead and dip into their  treasure chests and save the games.

As a good friend in Rio tells me, the organisers of the Paralympics do not even know how big a gap needs to be filled. But we need to start somewhere. Knowing that a solution is possible can make change happen in the next few days and keep the show on the road.

If you have 30 seconds spare, please sign, tweet and share my petition.

Modern politics is all about online activism. Let's see if we can get enough people to sign a petition to get those who might be able and willing to help to do so.

You can do so by clicking here: it's free. Just like a vote.

I have always been rather fond of a straight-talking official from Tang dynasty China named Han Xiu, who was alive in the late 7th and early 8th centuries.

He was a man who didn't pull his punches - giving advice when he was asked for it, and also when he wasn't. He rose to a position of power under the Emperor Xuanzong (ruled 712-56), putting people's noses out of joint on the way.

As one would imagine, he was a man who knew what he wanted, and what he liked. You can tell from his tomb - which has only recently been excavated in Guoxinzhuang village, Chang'an district, Xi'an. I was thrilled to find a copy of the murals that decorated his tomb (which he shared with his wife and another senior official) in the wonderful exhibition on in Sydney at Art Gallery of New South Wales called Tang: Treasures from the Silk Road capital.

You can tell from the images on the walls of the tomb that Han Xiu liked his music. Musicians are depicted playing instruments to ensure his entertainment in the afterlife. What I love about the images is that they show us that Boybands and Girlbands were popular one and a half thousand years ago. As you can see.

But then I looked more closely, and realised that there were not four, but five members of the band. I'd missed the all important dancer out in front.

 It didn't take much to recognise who sprang to mind: The Happy Mondays - with Bez, who shook the maracas and danced around in front of the band. Here is Bez and his alter ego in action.

Having a dancer out in front then was cool too.

As for the Girls, well, that was simple enough too: the Spice Girls, with the Tang dynasty Posh Spice presumably out in front on the basis that her job in the group was to look classy - rather than sing (as some guessed, and we now know).

So while the others got on with it, the job of one of the Girlband to stay out in front and look the part, pouting while she did so.

I can't guess which Han Xiu's favourite numbers would have been; but rather lovely to know that a tough guy wanted to make sure he could hum away to the Tang dynasty equivalent of Step On or Wannabe.

Can you imagine how this number would sound after being stuck on play for 1400 years ?! Poor Han Xiu....

PS. Since posting, I have become aware how old I am. Talking with lovely, friendly people at Sydney Writers' Festival reminded me that anyone under the age of 30 has no idea who The Happy Mondays are - or how annoyingly catchy Wannabe is.

So here are the videos. Enjoy - spare a thought for Han Xiu....

I've spent the last two days at a conference here in Oxford focused on the work of Ibn Fadlān, an envoy sent by the Caliph of Baghdad in the early 10th century on a mission to Volga Bulgharia - deep in the heart of Russia, at the intersection of the mighty Volga and Kama rivers.

Ibn Fadlān's text is a marvel. I remember first reading when I was a callow student it twenty five years ago - and laughing out loud at the descriptions of the people he met along the way (the text gets a good airing in my Silk Roads book, by the way).

Academic conferences can be hit or miss; but this was a real hit: we had Russian archaeologists updating us on the latest discoveries by the Aral Sea, as well as along the river systems linking the Baltic with the Caspian and Black Seas; Arabic scholars talking about tone and register of the language used in the text; Scandinavian professors talking about the best ways to understand the Norse literary material - and coin specialists talking numismatics. The best people in the world in their fields talking about how the Islamic world, Scandinavia, early Russia and the North Sea shaped each other. Beat that !

it put me in such a good mood that I've been listening to The Clash this afternoon. I started, of course, with Rock the Casbah, in which the band bemoan an intolerant ruler ('a sheikh', in fact) somewhere in the Islamic world, who has banned rock music - a bit like Footloose, in other words.

The ruler's advisor ('the sharif') 'don't like it', the band notes, promising therefore to 'Rock the Casbah' in defiance. Quite an aggressive intervention - one that leads to the escalation of violence, as military jets are brought in to bomb everything in sight. Ineffective western intervention that backfires rings a bell - so I thought the lads need to study a little more history.

It seems strangely contemporary - as did the next track on my playlist, London's Calling, which warns about climate change. The lads were onto something again. 'The ice age is coming, the sun's zooming in', they warn; 'meltdown expected, the wheat is growing thin'. Trouble lies ahead for all, they warned. there's no hope - even in London, which is drowning. The solution: do nothing. 'Forget it brother, you can go it alone', they said. Charming.

By this point, I was ready to listen to listen to the lyrics carefully, judging The Clash to have powers to foresee the future - but pick the wrong answer.

Sure enough, Should I Stay or Should I Go came on. I'd been warned about this already by Tim Farron's speech at the LibDem conference in York at the weekend. Sure enough, The Clash give their verdict on #Brexit and the Referendum on leaving the European Union. 'Should I stay or should I go now?', the lads ask repeatedly - echoing the turmoil across Britain at the moment.

'If I go there will be trouble / And if I stay it will be double'

Right question. But sorry boys; wrong answer again. The EU ain't perfect; but if we leave, it's the trouble that will be double.

Funnily enough, many of the leading lights in the pro-Brexit lobby share views on military intervention in Libya, Syria and (those who were MPs in 2003 - like Boris) on Iraq; they also have a poor record when it comes to voting in favour of measures to prevent climate change measures too. I'll bet they all listen to The Clash. Who'd have thought they'd be poster boys for Tory right-wingers ? I'm certainly not brave enough to tell them...

 Revolution is in the air this morning. At least in the Twittersphere. There are many divisions in the world. One of the most important, of course, is that of those who are on Twitter and those who are not. I can't understand the latter - seems almost heretical not to regularly check to see what is going on in the world.

All of those who read this post will know what I am talking about. And all will know the horror of the news that Twitter is proposing to replace its timeline sequencing of tweets with an algorithm that predicts what users want to read and hear.

The Twittersphere is up in arms - for three reasons. First, if stuff ain't broke, don't try fix it. Second, the interference with how each of us look for and gather information has upset many who have been talking (tweeting, in fact) about freedoms being curtailed. And third, the realisation that Twitter is proposing this change not because users want it - but because shareholders do: the motivation is to correct a falling share price and drive revenue - because Twitter does not make enough money. So Tweeters are being ushered into the stalls to be milked.

As a historian, I have a natural love of chronological sequences (even though when it comes to writing history, it is sometimes more rewarding to present in terms of themes, rather than order). So I should naturally be barricading the ramparts and chaining myself to Twitter's metaphorical fence in protest.

But then, as a historian, I have also long been resigned to the fact that predictive algorithms are effectively a fact of life.

Go into any bookshop, and you will see what I mean. Row after row, shelf after shelf of things that we are expected to want to read: books about the First and Second World Wars; about Europe; about the rise of the West. Almost nothing is about the rest of the world.

Here is a shot of the Cheltenham Literature Festival this autumn and the shelves of Germania - books about Germany.

These four shelves contrast with half a single shelf about India, China, the Middle East and Russia - countries and regions about which we might just want to know more,

Content is 'curated' just as Twitter is proposing; and it is all driven by the bottom line: stuff needs to sell or it won't get stocked.

Thank heavens then for independent book stores - and even some of the big chains. Time and again when I pass by Daunt Books, John Sandoe, Blackwell's, Heffers and many branches of Waterstones (and many other book shops besides), I ask the staff for recommendations. Time and again, the staff are lovely, and really know their onions (and their books).

So if Twitter does change everything (it will be a shame if it does), we'll be turning towards a familiar world. Less diversity, less choice and less fun.

What a shame that Twitter, that heralded in a new age for so many of us, that was an almost perfect medium to be more curious about the world beyond, and to find and share new information, looks like it is going to shoot itself in the foot.

Hence my favourite tweet of the morning.

I'll be keeping my fingers crossed !

So Thanksgiving is here again. Time to settle down to turkey and all the trimmings, washed down with beer and cheer (or with gallons of Cola) before settling down to the early evening NFL kick off as The Eagles take on the Lions.

Thanksgiving is big business in the United States - and not just for the 100m turkeys that are dispatched to meet their maker. This is a good time of year for airlines, supermarkets and cinemas as families converge and take some precious time off - important when you remember that workers in the US have the least amount of paid holiday of any rich country in the world.

It is of course a good thing to be grateful for having food on the table - and for one's lot in life. That has become the the key message of the festive season in modern times: Thanksgiving is a quintessentially American way of celebrating how wonderful it is to be American when much of the world beyond seems violent, disordered and chaotic.

This is what the Pilgrim Fathers thought too, as they ploughed the virgin lands of New England and first gave thanks for the harvests and the fruits of the lands. It was hardly plain sailing: many of the native population, as one observer noted, 'delight to tormente men in the most bloodie manner that may be; fleaing some alive with the shells of fishes, cutting of the members and joynts of others by peacemeale and broiling on the coles...[and] other cruelties horrible to be related.'

But there is an important difference about what the earliest celebrations of Thanksgiving were about, that should make us see this festival in slightly different light. For Thanksgiving was a feast conceived by radicals who were protesting about the way the world was changing. The Pilgrim Fathers left Europe, appalled by the decline in moral standards, disgusted by the obscene wealth that left beggars on streets but enabled the rich to live in vast mansions, and by the way society seemed to be falling apart in front of their eyes. The decision to cross the Atlantic was driven by a desire to find a new Paradise on earth, following the ruination of Europe.

Those who conceived the feast of Thanksgiving were reacting aggressively against a rapid period of intensive globalisation in the late 16th and 17th Centuries, where goods from India, China, the Persian Gulf and beyond were brought to Europe along networks of Silk Roads. This annoyed those who felt that exposure to new ideas, new tastes and new styles compromised traditions, and drove men (and women) further from God.

We might ponder on that this year, as we observe a world around us that seems increasingly bewildering, dislocated and unfamiliar. With crises in Syria and Northern Iraq, Russia and the Ukraine, a build-up of pressure in the South China Sea (and plenty more worries besides), many feel the same instincts of the earliest celebrants of Thanksgiving: that rather than engage with a changing world, understand it and see adapting as progress, it is better bury one's head in the sand.

It's not just the turkeys I feel sorry for this Thanksgiving: it's those who think that building fences across frontiers, that military escalation can bring political settlements and that others across the globe should sort out their own problems. And yet, curiously, the idea of cutting oneself off from the outside world is exactly what drove the Pilgrim Fathers to find pastures new (evicting the local population in the process) to fulfill their dreams.

Centuries later, it is back to the drawing board. Enjoy the turkey - but as well as thinking about the less fortunate this year, also consider whether being more tolerant, more forgiving and more understanding of others might just be a better way of doing things that those pesky Pilgrims.

Happy Thanksgiving !

I thought it might be fun - given it's a sunny Friday in with leaves strating to fall from the trees, so organise a Silk Roads related competition.

I've been tweeted some lovely photos of my Silk Roads book on coffee tables, by swimming pools, in the evening sun, on airplanes, on the tube/subway. So I've decided that I'm going to give a prize for the best photo that tweeted in the next week of my Silk Roads book.

Extra points come for the setting, the surroundings, and the wording you choose to accompany the entry.

The prize is fabulous ! It's an audible download of the book, read by Laurence Kennedy, which is worth an amazing £47.15).

To enter, please use the hashtag #SilkRoadsPrize, and include my twitter handle too (@peterfrankopan) so I receive it.

Entries need to be in by the end of next weekend (18 Oct), and I'll tweet the winner that evening at 9pm UK time.

I'll DM the winner the key code that will unlock the download. It's a key that relates to audibile.co.uk - so it might not work for those outside the UK. I'm afraid no cash or other alternative prizes for those outside the UK. But enter for the love of the competition, rather than for the glittering prize that awaits. (You can re-gift the code to your loved ones - what a lovely present to receive).

Good luck !

So, mercifully, the latest glossy video released by ISIS does not show innocent people being executed, or cultural treasures of the world being destroyed by thugs. For once, the high production values gives some hope that those at the top of ISIS are moving out of the teenage phase of blood-lust and wanting to play a new game that is basically good news (well, it could hardly get any worse). The new game is for adults only. It is called Government.

As if following a manual on how to build a state, attention has turned to having the right kit and the right trappings to be taken seriously. First up, as so often happens, is making your own money.

Numismatists set great store by the importance of money looks like: every time we put our hands in our pockets to pay for a loaf of bread, pint of milk or (let's say) a copy of my Silk Roads book, we affirm our allegiance to the queen, and participate - willingly or otherwise - in the political economy and the social order that binds us into a state. We have different views, different beliefs, different accents, but we all use the same currency (And that, of course, is one reason why UKIP and anti-Europeans attach so much importance to the pound).

And so ISIS have turned their attention to making their own coins; it tells us much about who they think they are and who they want to be.

The video is entitled 'The Rise of the Caliphate (Khalifah) and the Return of the Gold Dinar'. The project as two aims; one perhaps easier to guess than the other.

First is a return to a heavily mythologised past, a return to the era when the Prophet Muhammad lived. As a result, there are three currency denominations, as there were in Late Antiquity - gold, silver and bronze/copper. This is not enormously practical, especially given a gold coin is worth around $140 - not the most practical thing to pull out when you're trying to do some shopping - but it talks to a reversion to a world which was supposedly idyllic. The aim of the new currency, the narrator loftily proclaims, is to 'cleanse the earth of the stain of corruption that has marked it'. Simple, right ?

It is the second aim, though, that we should pay more attention to. It is time, the narrator states, to break the 'American capitalist system of financial slavery.' I think it is only fair to say that the chances of the new coinage in ISIS controlled territory snapping America's 'Achilles heel' is something of a long shot.

What caught my eye, however, was an almost parallel declaration in Moscow that said something very similar. It is time, said the Kremlin to get rid of the dollar and the euro. It would be much better, the proposal sets out, for the creation of a single financial market between Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and other countries of the former Soviet Union.

And the vision goes beyond former USSR territories, In a clear trial run for something more ambitious, Russia has just signed a huge currency swap of the rouble for equivalent Chinese yüan, that seeks to insulate both from the international currency markets.

The key question here is what lies behind the antagonisms towards and deep mistrust of the west and what underpins the growing attempts to form states, bonds and alliances that do not just aim to rival western institutions, but to cut out them out altogether. There are reasons for the deliberate shift away from what the the idealised forms of behaviour which we believe all other countries, peoples and cultures should follow.

That is one of the areas I look at in my new book on The Silk Roads: A New History of the World. If we do not understand - or even try to understand - the history of people who do not live in our own little goldfish bowl, and worse, and do not recognise that others perhaps see our past in a very different way to how we see it ourselves, then we run the risk of reacting on the basis of emotion, rather than of reason. As the axis on which the world spins begins to shift, it is more important now than ever to lift the veil of ignorance, and perhaps even to face some painful home truths about why levels of resentment and attempted rejection are rising.